Matched: the best known value
Packing 67 unit squares in a square
What is the smallest square that holds 67 squares of side 1, without overlap? The best known answer is a side of 8.7071067812, from Evert Stenlund, 1980. Velmar Cut matched it.
The numbers
| Best known side | 8.7071067812 |
|---|---|
| Best known side, in full | 8.70710678118654 |
| Side from Velmar Cut | 8.7071067812 |
| Side from Velmar Cut, in full | 8.707106781190623 |
| Difference, Velmar Cut minus best known | +4.083E-12 |
| Found by | Evert Stenlund, 1980 |
| Status | Best known, not proved |
| Time to reach it | 2.907 s, one run |
| Threads used | 8 |
| Machine | Intel Core i5-12600K, 10 cores, 16 threads |
| Squares | 57 upright, 10 turned |
| A plain grid needs | side 9 |
The time to reach this result on one desktop PC.
The problem at 67 squares
Three squares more than a grid of side 8 holds, so a plain grid needs side 9. This layout has ten squares at 45 degrees and fifty-seven upright. The side, 8 + ½√2, is exactly one longer than at 52.
A plain grid: side 9
Best known: side 8.7071067812
Blue squares stand upright, orange squares are turned. Both pictures are at the same scale.
History
The best known value at this size is the result of Evert Stenlund, 1980, and it is their result that Velmar Cut equals.
This side is the best known but not proved optimal; the best lower bound in Friedman's 2009 survey was 8.2899 (Trevor Green), which leaves room for a smaller square.
Erich Friedman's 2009 survey lists this size under Frits Göbel's name, and the current table credits Evert Stenlund.
| When | Side | Who | What happened |
|---|---|---|---|
| early 1980 | 8 + ½√2 ≈ 8.70711 | Evert Stenlund | extends Göbel's 52-square packing, best known today |
| June 2023 | same side | David W. Cantrell | alternative with the fewest turned squares |
| December 2024 | 8 + 5/7 ≈ 8.71429 | David Ellsworth | did not improve; one of the first serious packings with a rational side |
Sources
The best known values come from "Squares in Squares", David Ellsworth, from the original by Erich Friedman.
Each size names who holds its value and since when. It is their result that Velmar Cut equals.
Is the packing valid?
Yes. The certificate passes the exact check: 67 pieces, each exactly a unit square, each inside the box, no two overlapping.
How close is it to the best known value?
The side from Velmar Cut minus the best known value is +4.083E-12, within the rule's 1E-11.
A match: the certificate passes the exact check, and |L - best known| <= 1E-11, the difference published unrounded for each size. L is the side of the certificate's box, rounded up at 15 decimals.
Downloads
The sides in the CSV are in units of one square's side. DXF and DWG are in millimetres, with squares of 100 mm.
You don't have to trust us
With plain Python and no other software, verify_exact.py beside the certificate checks the file above by exact arithmetic, with no rounding.
python verify_exact.py 67-squares-in-a-square.csv --squares=67 --reference=8.70710678118654 --epsilon=1e-11It does not prove that the packing is optimal, that the reference is the current best known value, or how the layout was found.
Free trial
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